[
 {
  "id": "alt-classroom-management-korpershoek-2016",
  "claim": "A 2016 meta-analysis of 54 controlled studies found classroom management programs improved students' academic, behavioral and social-emotional outcomes with an average effect of g = 0.22, with programs focused on social-emotional development contributing most.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 0.22,
  "as_of": "2016",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315626799",
    "title": "A meta-analysis of the effects of classroom management strategies and classroom management programs",
    "publisher": "Review of Educational Research",
    "date": "2016",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0932-3",
    "title": "The Incredible Years Teacher Classroom Management Program: Outcomes from a group randomized trial",
    "publisher": "Prevention Science",
    "date": "2018",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "alternatives",
   "classroom"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Korpershoek et al., Review of Educational Research 86(3). The Incredible Years Teacher Classroom Management program has RCT support with small average effects (Reinke et al. 2018: d about .13). CHAMPS has no peer-reviewed trial and is presented as a practitioner package that operationalizes the same principles.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "alt-free-federal-guides",
  "claim": "Free, federally produced guides cover every practice in the training: the What Works Clearinghouse practice guide on reducing elementary behavior problems (2008), the Center on PBIS practice guides, and the Department of Education's 2023 Guiding Principles, which contains a section titled 'Ending the practice of corporal punishment in schools.'",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2023-03",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/PracticeGuide/4",
    "title": "Reducing Behavior Problems in the Elementary School Classroom (practice guide)",
    "publisher": "What Works Clearinghouse",
    "date": "2008",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/guiding-principles.pdf",
    "title": "Guiding Principles for Creating Safe, Inclusive, Supportive, and Fair School Climates",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education",
    "date": "2023-03",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.pbis.org",
    "title": "Center on PBIS practice guides",
    "publisher": "Center on PBIS (OSEP grant H326S230002)",
    "date": "2026",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://sites.ed.gov/idea/files/dcl-on-pbis-in-ieps-08-01-2016.pdf",
    "title": "Dear Colleague Letter on PBIS in IEPs",
    "publisher": "OSEP/OSERS",
    "date": "2016-08-01",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "alternatives",
   "toolkits"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "All URLs verified live on 2026-09-09. The 2023 Guiding Principles names the Good Behavior Game, trauma-informed practices, SEL, restorative practices and PBIS as more effective alternatives. OSEP's 2016 letter states that an IEP team must consider PBIS when a child's behavior impedes learning (34 CFR 300.324(a)(2)(i)).\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "alt-good-behavior-game-kellam",
  "claim": "Children randomized to classrooms using the Good Behavior Game in first and second grade had, by ages 19 to 21, significantly lower rates of drug and alcohol disorders, regular smoking and antisocial personality disorder, with the largest effects among boys who were most aggressive in first grade.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2008",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.004",
    "title": "Effects of a universal classroom behavior management program in first and second grades on young adult outcomes",
    "publisher": "Drug and Alcohol Dependence",
    "date": "2008",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01161.x",
    "title": "The course and malleability of aggressive behavior from early first grade into middle school",
    "publisher": "Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry",
    "date": "1994",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "alternatives",
   "gbg"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Kellam et al. 2008 (Drug and Alcohol Dependence), 19 Baltimore schools; follow-ups 2011 and 2014. A replication cohort with less teacher coaching showed smaller effects, so coaching is part of the intervention. The game is free to run and needs no purchase.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "alt-pbis-bradshaw-rcts",
  "claim": "In a five-year randomized trial across 37 Maryland elementary schools, School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports reduced suspensions and office referrals, and children in PBIS schools were 33 percent less likely to receive an office discipline referral.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 33,
  "as_of": "2010-2012",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0243",
    "title": "Effects of school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports on child behavior problems",
    "publisher": "Pediatrics",
    "date": "2012",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300709334798",
    "title": "Examining the effects of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports on student outcomes",
    "publisher": "Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions",
    "date": "2010",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "alternatives",
   "pbis"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Bradshaw, Mitchell and Leaf 2010 (Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions) and Bradshaw, Waasdorp and Leaf 2012 (Pediatrics, 12,344 children). Effects depend on implementation fidelity; most RCT evidence is elementary. PBIS is a framework, not a package: adopting the name without tiers, data and coaching does not reproduce these results.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "alt-restorative-rand-2018",
  "claim": "In a two-year randomized trial in 44 Pittsburgh schools, restorative practices cut days lost to suspension by 36 percent against 18 percent in control schools and narrowed racial disparities, but academic outcomes worsened in grades 6 to 8, arrests did not fall, and a second randomized trial in 13 Maine middle schools found no significant effects.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 36,
  "as_of": "2018-2019",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.7249/RR2840",
    "title": "Can restorative practices improve school climate and curb suspensions?",
    "publisher": "RAND Corporation",
    "date": "2018",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01013-2",
    "title": "Evaluation of a whole-school change intervention: Findings from a two-year cluster-randomized trial of the Restorative Practices Intervention",
    "publisher": "Journal of Youth and Adolescence",
    "date": "2019",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "alternatives",
   "restorative"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Augustine et al. 2018 (RAND RR-2840) and Acosta et al. 2019 (Journal of Youth and Adolescence). The training presents restorative practices as a complement to PBIS for repair after incidents, not as a stand-alone replacement, and warns that they take two or more years of coaching.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "alt-trauma-informed-no-rigorous-evidence",
  "claim": "A 2019 Campbell systematic review of trauma-informed approaches in schools found no studies that met its inclusion criteria; whole-school trauma-informed programs had no rigorous outcome evidence as of 2017.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 0,
  "as_of": "2019",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1018",
    "title": "Effects of trauma-informed approaches in schools: A systematic review",
    "publisher": "Campbell Systematic Reviews",
    "date": "2019",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1004681",
    "title": "Parent Management Training and Collaborative and Proactive Solutions: A randomized control trial for oppositional youth",
    "publisher": "Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology",
    "date": "2016",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "alternatives",
   "trauma-informed",
   "limits"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Maynard, Farina, Dell and Kelly, Campbell Systematic Reviews 15:e1018. The training presents trauma-informed practice as a knowledge frame consistent with the evidence-based practices, not as an evidence-based program. Collaborative and Proactive Solutions likewise has clinical RCTs for oppositional defiant disorder but no whole-school trial.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "campaign-kentucky-zero-2023-24",
  "claim": "Kentucky recorded zero instances of corporal punishment in the 2023-24 school year after all 171 school districts adopted prohibiting policies by November 2, 2023, driven by a state board regulation rather than a statute.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 0,
  "as_of": "2023-24",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/kar/titles/704/007/170/",
    "title": "704 KAR 7:170 Use of physical restraint and seclusion; corporal punishment",
    "publisher": "Kentucky Legislative Research Commission",
    "date": "2022-08-30",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://nkytribune.com/2025/01/kentucky-records-zero-instances-of-corporal-punishment-during-2023-2024-school-year/",
    "title": "Kentucky records zero instances of corporal punishment during 2023-2024 school year",
    "publisher": "NKyTribune",
    "date": "2025-01-09",
    "primary": false
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.lpm.org/news/2021-12-01/kentucky-board-of-education-limits-corporal-punishment-in-schools",
    "title": "Kentucky Board of Education limits corporal punishment in schools",
    "publisher": "Louisville Public Media",
    "date": "2021-12-01",
    "primary": false
   },
   {
    "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/record/20rs/hb22.html",
    "title": "HB 22 (2020 Regular Session)",
    "publisher": "Kentucky Legislative Research Commission",
    "date": "2020-02-07",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "state",
   "kentucky",
   "campaign"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Kentucky Board of Education regulation 704 KAR 7:170 (effective August 30, 2022) required every district to either prohibit corporal punishment or permit it only with annual written consent, per-instance verbal consent, a same-gender certified witness, no instruments, counseling within a day, and exclusions for students with IEPs or 504 plans, homeless and foster youth. Every district chose prohibition. Statewide incidents fell from about 1,100 in 2011-12 to 142 in 2019-20 to 5 in 2022-23. Ban bills (2020 HB 22 passed the House 65-17 and died in the Senate; 2022 HB 119 died in committee) never became law; the statute still permits the practice, so the map shows Kentucky as 'partial'.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "campaign-north-carolina-all-districts-2018",
  "claim": "All 115 North Carolina school districts had prohibited corporal punishment by October 2, 2018, when Graham County became the last to vote to end it, although state law (G.S. 115C-390.4) still permits it.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 115,
  "as_of": "2018-10-02",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.ncleg.net/enactedlegislation/statutes/html/bysection/chapter_115c/gs_115c-390.4.html",
    "title": "G.S. 115C-390.4 Corporal punishment",
    "publisher": "North Carolina General Assembly",
    "date": "2022",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.ednc.org/corporal-punishment-in-nc-the-end-is-near/",
    "title": "Corporal punishment in NC: the end is near",
    "publisher": "EdNC",
    "date": "2018-10-18",
    "primary": false
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.wunc.org/education/2018-10-18/graham-county-schools-end-corporal-punishment",
    "title": "Graham County Schools end corporal punishment",
    "publisher": "WUNC",
    "date": "2018-10-18",
    "primary": false
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/BillLookUp/2025/H983",
    "title": "HB 983 (2025) Prohibit Corporal Punishment in Schools",
    "publisher": "North Carolina General Assembly",
    "date": "2025-04-14",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "state",
   "north-carolina",
   "campaign"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "The 2011 statute left the decision to local boards but required a witness, written parental notice, records, an annual report to the State Board by race, gender and disability, and a written parental opt-out at enrollment. NC Child led two decades of advocacy; Robeson County ended the practice in April 2018 and Graham County (34 incidents at Robbinsville High in 2016-17) followed unanimously. 2025 ban bills HB 983 and S714 were parked in Rules committees. The map shows North Carolina as 'partial'.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "crdc-ban-state-reports-2023-24",
  "claim": "In the 2023-24 Civil Rights Data Collection, 19 school districts in states that prohibit corporal punishment reported students struck, totalling 418 students; 380 of those come from one New Jersey district whose ratio of instances to students, 4.4, is roughly three times that of any state where corporal punishment is lawful.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 418,
  "as_of": "2023-24",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/assets/ocr/docs/2023-24-crdc-data.zip",
    "title": "2023-24 Civil Rights Data Collection, SCH/Corporal Punishment.csv",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2026-08-06",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "crdc",
   "caveat",
   "computed",
   "ban-states"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-20",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (computed from the public-use file)",
  "body": "Computed by this project from the same file as the national figure; see `data/crdc/2023-24/SOURCE.md`.\n\n## Why these numbers are almost certainly not corporal punishment\n\n**One district is 91% of it.** Salem City School District, New Jersey, reports 380 students and 1,655\ninstances across three schools. New Jersey has prohibited corporal punishment in its schools since\n1867, the first state to do so.\n\n**The ratio is wrong for paddling.** Instances per student in the states where corporal punishment is\nlawful sit in a narrow band: Texas 1.6, Arkansas 1.4, Alabama 1.2, Mississippi 1.2. A paddled student\nis typically paddled once or twice in a year. Salem City reports 4.4 instances per student, about\nthree times the highest lawful-state figure.\n\n**The disability share is wrong too.** 89 of Salem City's 380 students, 23%, are students with\ndisabilities. In Mississippi the figure is 22 of 2,653, under 1%. A rate that far out of line is the\nsignature of a different practice being entered in this field.\n\nBoth patterns fit physical restraint or seclusion rather than corporal punishment: a small number of\nstudents, each involved in repeated incidents, concentrated among students with disabilities. The CRDC\ncollects restraint and seclusion separately, and a district that files them in the wrong column\nproduces exactly this shape.\n\n## The other eighteen\n\nThe remaining 38 students are spread across 18 districts and 14 of them report one or two students,\nwhich is the ordinary single-cell noise of a collection this size. Three are not ordinary districts at\nall but regional service agencies serving students with disabilities across member districts:\nNorthwest Educational Service District 189 in Washington, and two New York BOCES. That is again where\nrestraint and seclusion happen.\n\n## What follows from this\n\nThe national total of 19,851 should be read as 19,471 in the states where the practice is lawful, plus\n380 from one filing that does not behave like corporal punishment. Neither figure is corrected here:\nthe raw number is what the district filed and this project does not edit federal data. It is flagged,\nand any ban-state district in `districts.csv` should be treated as a reporting question rather than a\nscanning target until someone has asked the district what it filed.\n\nNone of this is a finding about what happened to any child in Salem City. It is a finding about a\nnumber in a spreadsheet, and the way to resolve it is to ask the district, which nobody has yet.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-20: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "crdc-black-students-share-2021-22",
  "claim": "Black students were 26 percent of students receiving corporal punishment in 2021-22 and 15 percent of enrollment; Black boys alone were 8 percent of enrollment and 20 percent of students struck.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 26.2,
  "as_of": "2021-22",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.ed.gov/media/document/2021-22-crdc-first-look-report-109194.pdf",
    "title": "2021-22 Civil Rights Data Collection: A First Look",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2025-01",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/api/v1.0/GetNationalEstimation?survey_Year_Key=11&Measure_Id=75",
    "title": "OCR State and National Estimations API (measures 75 and 66)",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2026-09-09",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/assets/downloads/Corporal_Punishment_Part4.pdf",
    "title": "Corporal Punishment in Public Schools (Focus on Student Discipline, Part 4 of 5)",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2023-03",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "crdc",
   "disparity",
   "race"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Both-sexes figure computed from the OCR estimations API (6,438 of 24,534; enrollment 7,443,249 of 49,974,274), ratio 1.76 by share and 1.41 per capita against white students. Black-boys figure from the First Look, Figure 14. In 2017-18 the disparity was larger: 37.3 percent of students struck versus 15.1 percent of enrollment, which OCR summarized as 'Black students were 2.3 times more likely than white students.' The old site's '4x more likely' matches no national figure; the '4x' in the Cardona letter is Black girls versus white girls in 2017-18. Quote the group, the year, and the ratio together.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "crdc-boys-share-2021-22",
  "claim": "Boys were 81 percent of students receiving corporal punishment in 2021-22 while making up 51 percent of enrollment.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 81.2,
  "as_of": "2021-22",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/api/v1.0/GetNationalEstimation?survey_Year_Key=11&Measure_Id=75",
    "title": "OCR State and National Estimations API (measures 75 and 66)",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2026-09-09",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/assets/downloads/Corporal_Punishment_Part4.pdf",
    "title": "Corporal Punishment in Public Schools (Focus on Student Discipline, Part 4 of 5)",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2023-03",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "crdc",
   "sex"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "19,910 boys of 24,534 students. The share was 80.7 percent in 2017-18 (OCR: 'boys were 4.0 times more likely than girls') and 81.3 percent in our 2023-24 computation. The old site's '80 percent' is fine; this claim gives the year.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "crdc-disability-share",
  "claim": "Students with disabilities served under IDEA were 16.5 percent of students receiving corporal punishment in 2017-18 against 13.2 percent of enrollment; by 2021-22, after Mississippi's 2019 ban on the practice for students with IEPs, IDEA students were 12 percent of those struck against 14 percent of enrollment.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 16.5,
  "as_of": "2017-18 and 2021-22",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/assets/downloads/Corporal_Punishment_Part4.pdf",
    "title": "Corporal Punishment in Public Schools (Focus on Student Discipline, Part 4 of 5)",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2023-03",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.ed.gov/media/document/2021-22-crdc-first-look-report-109194.pdf",
    "title": "2021-22 Civil Rights Data Collection: A First Look",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2025-01",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.ed.gov/media/document/crdc-discipline-school-climate-reportpdf-21409.pdf",
    "title": "2020-21 CRDC: Student Discipline and School Climate in U.S. Public Schools",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2023-11",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "crdc",
   "disparity",
   "disability"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "The old site's 'students with disabilities are punished at twice the rate' is not supported nationally by any recent year. The disparity is real at the district level (Gershoff and Font 2016) and in specific states, and it moved with policy: Mississippi's count of students with disabilities struck fell from 3,304 in 2017-18 to 30 in 2021-22 after HB 1182 (2019). Students served only under Section 504 remain over-represented (5 percent of students struck versus 3 percent of enrollment in 2020-21). Use the state-level figures in data/crdc/ for testimony.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "crdc-national-total-2021-22",
  "claim": "In the 2021-22 school year, 24,534 K-12 public school students received corporal punishment in the United States, according to the federal Civil Rights Data Collection.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 24534,
  "as_of": "2021-22",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.ed.gov/media/document/2021-22-crdc-first-look-report-109194.pdf",
    "title": "2021-22 Civil Rights Data Collection: A First Look",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2025-01",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/api/v1.0/GetNationalEstimation?survey_Year_Key=11&Measure_Id=75",
    "title": "OCR State and National Estimations API (measures 75 and 66)",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2026-09-09",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "crdc",
   "national"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "This is the newest year with statistics published by the Office for Civil Rights ('approximately 24,500' in the January 2025 First Look; 24,534 from the estimations API, non-IDEA plus with-disabilities measures). The count is unduplicated students, not incidents: the same file records 31,779 instances, about 1.3 per student. The Department itself says the practice is 'likely underreported.' The old site's '~70,000 students in 2022' conflated the 2017-18 figure (69,492) with a later year; do not use it.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "crdc-national-total-2023-24-computed",
  "claim": "In the 2023-24 school year, 19,851 K-12 public school students received corporal punishment, computed by this project from the raw Civil Rights Data Collection file released August 31, 2026; the Office for Civil Rights has published no analysis of that release.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 19851,
  "as_of": "2023-24",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/assets/ocr/docs/2023-24-crdc-data.zip",
    "title": "2023-24 CRDC public-use data file (SCH/Corporal Punishment.csv)",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2026-08-31",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.npr.org/2026/09/04/nx-s1-5955681/civil-rights-data-schools-trump",
    "title": "Civil rights data on schools released without the usual analysis",
    "publisher": "NPR",
    "date": "2026-09-04",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "crdc",
   "national",
   "computed"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Our computation, not an OCR publication. Method: sum of TOT_DISCWODIS_CORP_* and TOT_DISCWDIS_CORP_IDEA_* in SCH/Corporal Punishment.csv with reserve codes treated as zero; the identical script reproduces the official 2021-22 total (24,534) exactly. The file contains an evident reporting error: Salem City School District, New Jersey, a ban state, reports 380 students; excluding it the total is 19,471. Instances: 28,310. Schools reporting at least one student: 1,738 in 832 districts. The 2023-24 release came without a First Look report and with nonbinary fields suppressed; re-run when OCR publishes its own figures and retire this claim in favor of theirs.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "crdc-national-trend-2013-to-2022",
  "claim": "Students receiving corporal punishment in US public schools fell from 106,055 in 2013-14 to 92,479 in 2015-16, 69,492 in 2017-18, about 19,400 in the pandemic year 2020-21, and 24,534 in 2021-22.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 69492,
  "as_of": "2013-14 to 2021-22",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/assets/downloads/Corporal_Punishment_Part4.pdf",
    "title": "Corporal Punishment in Public Schools (Focus on Student Discipline, Part 4 of 5)",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2023-03",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.ed.gov/media/document/crdc-discipline-school-climate-reportpdf-21409.pdf",
    "title": "2020-21 CRDC: Student Discipline and School Climate in U.S. Public Schools",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2023-11",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.ed.gov/media/document/2021-22-crdc-first-look-report-109194.pdf",
    "title": "2021-22 Civil Rights Data Collection: A First Look",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2025-01",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "crdc",
   "national",
   "trend"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "2013-14 through 2017-18 from the OCR Part 4 factsheet (the 2013-14 figure was revised down from 'over 110,000' in Secretary King's 2016 letter). 2020-21 is not comparable: most schools were hybrid for part of the year and the survey skipped the item for virtual schools. Earlier: 223,190 in 2006-07 (HRW/ACLU from OCR data) and 'more than 160,000' in 2011-12 (Gershoff and Font 2016), both reported rather than verified on OCR pages.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "crdc-schools-and-districts-2021-22",
  "claim": "In 2021-22, 948 school districts (5.4 percent of the nation's 17,704) and 2,050 schools (2.1 percent) reported at least one student receiving corporal punishment.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 948,
  "as_of": "2021-22",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/assets/ocr/docs/2021-22-crdc-data.zip",
    "title": "2021-22 CRDC public-use data file (SCH/Corporal Punishment.csv)",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2025-01",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/reports/the-striking-outlier-the-persistent-painful-and-problematic-practice-of-corporal-punishment-in-schools/",
    "title": "The Striking Outlier",
    "publisher": "SPLC and UCLA Civil Rights Project",
    "date": "2019-06-11",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "crdc",
   "districts",
   "computed"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Computed from the 2021-22 public-use file; the total reproduces OCR's 24,534 exactly. For comparison, SPLC and the UCLA Civil Rights Project counted 1,467 districts and 4,294 schools in 2013-14. The practice is concentrated: the district scan in tasks/README.md prioritizes these 948 districts.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "crdc-top-four-states-share-2021-22",
  "claim": "Texas, Alabama, Mississippi and Arkansas accounted for 74 percent of all US students receiving corporal punishment in 2021-22 (7,324; 4,083; 3,678; 3,165 of 24,534).",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 74.4,
  "as_of": "2021-22",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/api/v1.0/GetNationalEstimation?survey_Year_Key=11&Measure_Id=75",
    "title": "OCR State and National Estimations API (measures 75 and 66)",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2026-09-09",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://civilrightsdata.ed.gov/assets/downloads/2017-2018/Discipline/Discipline/Corporal-Punishment/Corporal-Punishment_by-Disability-and-no.xlsx",
    "title": "2017-18 corporal punishment by state, disability and race (xlsx)",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2021-05",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "crdc",
   "states"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Per-capita rates were highest in Mississippi (8.3 per 1,000 enrolled), Arkansas (6.3) and Alabama (5.4). Sixteen states reported any use. The same four states were 75 percent in 2017-18 (when Mississippi led with 20,309) and 75 percent in our 2023-24 computation (when Alabama, at 4,352, was the only large-use state that rose). Full state tables in data/crdc/.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "crdc-undercount-caveat",
  "claim": "The federal count of corporal punishment is self-reported by districts and, in the Department of Education's own words, 'likely underreported'; it counts students, not incidents, and skips virtual schools.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2023-03-24",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.ed.gov/laws-and-policy/key-policy-letters/letter-secretary-cardona-calling-end-corporal-punishment-schools",
    "title": "Letter from Secretary Cardona calling for an end to corporal punishment in schools",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education",
    "date": "2023-03-24",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.ed.gov/sites/ed/files/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/2021-22-crdc-school-form.pdf",
    "title": "2021-22 CRDC School Form (DISC module)",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights",
    "date": "2022",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "crdc",
   "caveat"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Repeat this whenever a figure is quoted. Evidence of error in both directions: six jurisdictions that ban the practice reported nonzero counts in 2017-18, and a New Jersey district reported 380 students in 2023-24. Instances exceed students by about 30 percent (31,779 versus 24,534 in 2021-22).\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "evidence-no-post-ban-outcome-study",
  "claim": "No study has found that ending corporal punishment increases misbehavior, and no study has found that using it improves behavior; as of September 2026 there is no US natural-experiment study of suspensions or achievement before and after a state or district ban.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2026-09-09",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2016.1271955",
    "title": "School corporal punishment in global perspective: Prevalence, outcomes, and efforts at intervention",
    "publisher": "Psychology, Health and Medicine",
    "date": "2017",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-063284",
    "title": "Corporal punishment in schools (AAP policy statement)",
    "publisher": "Pediatrics",
    "date": "2023-08-21",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "study",
   "gap"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Both halves are accurate and the stronger causal claim is not supported. The 2023 AAP statement and Gershoff 2017 argue from the absence of any evidence of benefit plus the harm evidence. The training says exactly this and pairs abolition with PBIS and the Good Behavior Game so that paddling is not simply swapped for suspension. A district that publishes referral counts before and after its switch (training module 8) would produce the first such evidence.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "intl-comparators-how-they-ended",
  "claim": "The United Kingdom ended corporal punishment in state schools by statute in 1986, New Zealand by statute in 1990, Canada by a 2004 Supreme Court ruling, South Korea by a 2011 national decree after provincial ordinances, and Australia state by state between 1983 and 2019.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2026-09-09",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/61/section/47/enacted",
    "title": "Education (No. 2) Act 1986, section 47",
    "publisher": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "date": "1986",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1986/jul/22/abolition-of-corporal-punishment",
    "title": "Abolition of corporal punishment, Commons debate",
    "publisher": "Hansard",
    "date": "1986-07-22",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://endcorporalpunishment.org/reports-on-every-state-and-territory/canada/",
    "title": "Country report: Canada",
    "publisher": "Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children",
    "date": "2024-08",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://endcorporalpunishment.org/reports-on-every-state-and-territory/republic-of-korea/",
    "title": "Country report: Republic of Korea",
    "publisher": "Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children",
    "date": "2021-03",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "international"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "UK: Education (No. 2) Act 1986 s.47, extended to private schools in England and Wales by the 1998 Act s.131, Scotland 2000, Northern Ireland 2003; the Commons opposition in 1986 argued it 'should be a local decision for governing bodies.' Canada: Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada, 2004 SCC 4. New Zealand s.139A and South Korea's 2011 decree are reported from secondary sources; verify the statute pages before quoting dates precisely.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "intl-crc-us-only-non-party",
  "claim": "196 states are party to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child; the United States, which signed it in 1995, is the only UN member state that has not ratified it.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 196,
  "as_of": "2026-09-09",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&clang=_en",
    "title": "Convention on the Rights of the Child: status",
    "publisher": "United Nations Treaty Collection",
    "date": "2026-09-09",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.aclu.org/news/human-rights/theres-only-one-country-hasnt-ratified-convention-childrens",
    "title": "There's only one country that hasn't ratified the Convention on Children's Rights",
    "publisher": "ACLU",
    "date": "2015-11-20",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "international",
   "law"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "The UN Treaty Collection page lists 140 signatories and 196 parties; the US signed on 16 February 1995 with no ratification. Somalia and South Sudan ratified in 2015. The 196 exceeds 193 UN members because non-member parties (Holy See, State of Palestine, Cook Islands, Niue) are included; confirm on the UN page if that detail is quoted.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "intl-full-prohibition-70-states",
  "claim": "Seventy states have prohibited corporal punishment of children in all settings, including the home.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 70,
  "as_of": "2026-09",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://endcorporalpunishment.org/countdown/",
    "title": "Countdown to universal prohibition",
    "publisher": "Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children",
    "date": "2026-09-09",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "international"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "From the live Countdown page, read 2026-09-09. The March 2025 PDF table is internally inconsistent on this count (67 to 69); use the live page figure and re-check it, since it moves several times a year.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "intl-oecd-36-of-38",
  "claim": "Of the 38 OECD countries, corporal punishment in schools is fully prohibited in 36; the exceptions are the United States and Australia, where Queensland has no statutory ban for non-government schools.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 36,
  "as_of": "March 2025",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://endcorporalpunishment.org/wp-content/uploads/legality-tables/Global-progress-table-commitment.pdf",
    "title": "Global progress table (last updated March 2025)",
    "publisher": "Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children",
    "date": "2025-03",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://endcorporalpunishment.org/reports-on-every-state-and-territory/australia/",
    "title": "Country report: Australia",
    "publisher": "Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children",
    "date": "2023-03",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://endcorporalpunishment.org/reports-on-every-state-and-territory/singapore/",
    "title": "Country report: Singapore",
    "publisher": "Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children",
    "date": "2025-01",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "international"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Use this instead of the old line 'one of only two developed nations (with Singapore).' That line fails: Singapore permits caning of boys but is not an OECD member, and Australia's Queensland gap makes Australia the other OECD exception. Canada is marked prohibited in the table, but the Global Initiative's own Canada report notes Alberta and Manitoba lack a statutory prohibition, so even 'prohibited' countries have gaps. If Singapore must be mentioned: 'Among high-income countries, only the United States, Singapore and parts of Australia still permit teachers to hit children as punishment.'\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "intl-schools-prohibited-137-of-199",
  "claim": "Corporal punishment is fully prohibited in schools in 137 of the 199 states and territories tracked by the Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children; in 62 it is not.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 137,
  "as_of": "March 2025",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://endcorporalpunishment.org/wp-content/uploads/legality-tables/Global-progress-table-commitment.pdf",
    "title": "Global progress table (last updated March 2025)",
    "publisher": "Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children",
    "date": "2025-03",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://endcorporalpunishment.org/countdown/",
    "title": "Countdown to universal prohibition",
    "publisher": "Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children",
    "date": "2026-09-09",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "international"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "The Global Initiative counts 199 states and territories, more than the 193 UN members. The United States is counted among the 62 as 'SOME' (prohibited in some states). The old site's '128 countries' figure is stale.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-cardona-letter-2023",
  "claim": "On March 24, 2023, US Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona wrote to every governor and chief state school officer asking states to end corporal punishment in schools, citing federal data that Black students were 2.3 times as likely as white students to receive it and Black girls four times as likely as white girls.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 2.3,
  "as_of": "2017-18",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.ed.gov/laws-and-policy/key-policy-letters/letter-secretary-cardona-calling-end-corporal-punishment-schools",
    "title": "Letter from Secretary Cardona calling for an end to corporal punishment in schools",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education",
    "date": "2023-03-24",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "federal",
   "disparity"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "The letter is the only executive-branch action on school corporal punishment to date. It counts 23 states that expressly allow (16) or do not prohibit (7) the practice, a broader definition than the 17-state count used on the map. The disparity ratios are from the 2017-18 Civil Rights Data Collection as quoted in the letter; the CRDC claims in this registry carry the underlying figures. The letter also cites nearly 900 preschoolers receiving corporal punishment.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-circuit-split-fifth-circuit",
  "claim": "Seven federal circuits allow a student to sue over excessive corporal punishment under substantive due process ('shocks the conscience'), two under the Fourth Amendment, and the Fifth Circuit alone, covering Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi, denies any federal claim where state remedies exist; the Supreme Court has declined to review that rule five times, most recently in January 2024.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 5,
  "as_of": "2024-01-08",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/23/23-440/285909/20231024091200453_Cert%20Petition_FINAL.pdf",
    "title": "Petition for certiorari, S.B. v. Jefferson Parish School Board, No. 23-440 (maps the circuit split)",
    "publisher": "Institute for Justice / Supreme Court docket",
    "date": "2023-10-24",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/539842/",
    "title": "Fee v. Herndon, 900 F.2d 804 (5th Cir. 1990)",
    "publisher": "CourtListener",
    "date": "1990",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/378096/hall-v-tawney/",
    "title": "Hall v. Tawney, 621 F.2d 607 (4th Cir. 1980)",
    "publisher": "CourtListener",
    "date": "1980",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://harvardlawreview.org/print/vol-135/to-v-fort-bend-independent-school-district/",
    "title": "T.O. v. Fort Bend Independent School District (case comment)",
    "publisher": "Harvard Law Review",
    "date": "2022",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "law",
   "federal",
   "courts"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Substantive due process: Hall v. Tawney (4th Cir. 1980), Garcia v. Miera (10th Cir. 1987), Webb v. McCullough (6th Cir. 1987), Metzger v. Osbeck (3d Cir. 1988), Wise v. Pea Ridge (8th Cir. 1988, 855 F.2d 560), Neal v. Fulton County (11th Cir. 2000), Johnson v. Newburgh (2d Cir. 2001). Fourth Amendment: Wallace v. Batavia (7th Cir. 1995), Doe v. Hawaii DOE (9th Cir. 2003). Fifth Circuit: Fee v. Herndon (1990), T.O. v. Fort Bend ISD (2021, cert denied June 13, 2022), S.B. v. Jefferson Parish (2023, cert denied January 8, 2024 on an Institute for Justice petition). Strategy consequence: in the three states with the most paddling, the federal liability threat is the weakest in the country; liability arguments there must rest on state tort law, criminal law, and insurance, not on section 1983.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-colorado-hb23-1191",
  "claim": "Colorado prohibited corporal punishment in public schools and licensed child care on April 20, 2023 through HB23-1191, which passed the House 48-16 and the Senate 32-0.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 2023,
  "as_of": "2023-04-20",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb23-1191",
    "title": "HB23-1191 Prohibit Corporal Punishment Of Children",
    "publisher": "Colorado General Assembly",
    "date": "2023-04-20",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.chalkbeat.org/colorado/2023/3/8/23630900/colorado-corporal-punishment-bill-ban-physical-discipline/",
    "title": "Colorado bill would ban corporal punishment in schools",
    "publisher": "Chalkbeat Colorado",
    "date": "2023-03-08",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "state",
   "law",
   "colorado"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Sponsors Rep. Regina English and Sen. Rhonda Fields. Colorado did not collect corporal punishment data and federal complaints were near zero, so the bill was framed as closing a loophole; disability-rights groups supplied the testimony. Three House Republicans voted yes. Case study: strategy/case-studies/colorado-2023.md.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-disability-exemptions-by-state",
  "claim": "Five states prohibit corporal punishment of students with disabilities while still permitting it for other students: Louisiana (2017), Tennessee (2018, with a parental-permission exception), Arkansas (2019, four categories), Mississippi (2019) and Oklahoma (2025).",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 5,
  "as_of": "2025-05",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/2019/pdf/history/HB/HB1182.xml",
    "title": "HB 1182 (2019) history",
    "publisher": "Mississippi Legislature",
    "date": "2019-03-21",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/BillInfo/Default.aspx?BillNumber=HB2330&GA=110",
    "title": "HB 2330 (2018)",
    "publisher": "Tennessee General Assembly",
    "date": "2018-07-01",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://legis.la.gov/legis/BillInfo.aspx?s=17RS&b=HB79",
    "title": "HB 79 (2017), Act 266",
    "publisher": "Louisiana Legislature",
    "date": "2017-08-01",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/cf_pdf/2025-26%20ENR/SB/SB364%20ENR.PDF",
    "title": "SB 364 (2025) enrolled",
    "publisher": "Oklahoma Legislature",
    "date": "2025-05-08",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "law",
   "states",
   "disability"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Mississippi HB 1182 amended § 37-11-57 for students with an IEP or 504 plan, effective July 1, 2019. Tennessee HB 2330 (Pub. Ch. 900) covers IEP and 504 students except where district policy allows and a parent gives written permission, effective July 1, 2018. Louisiana Act 266 (HB 79, 2017) covers certain students with exceptionalities, effective August 1, 2017. Oklahoma SB 364 covers any student identified with a disability under IDEA, replacing a 2017 law limited to the most significant cognitive disabilities with an IEP or parental-waiver exception. Arkansas Act 557 of 2019 (SB 381) covers children who are intellectually disabled, non-ambulatory, non-verbal or autistic; it is sometimes miscited as Act 1249 of 2021. North Carolina has no statutory disability ban despite claims to the contrary. Kentucky's 704 KAR 7:170 also excluded IEP and 504 students before every district banned the practice.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-federal-possa-2025",
  "claim": "The Protecting Our Students in Schools Act, which would bar corporal punishment in any school receiving federal funds, was introduced as H.R. 3265 on May 8, 2025 with 21 cosponsors, all Democrats, and referred to the House Education and Workforce Committee; no version since 2010 has had a hearing or markup, and as of September 2026 no Senate companion has been introduced in the 119th Congress despite press releases saying one would be.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": "H.R. 3265",
  "as_of": "2025-05-08",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-119hr3265ih/html/BILLS-119hr3265ih.htm",
    "title": "H.R. 3265, Protecting Our Students in Schools Act of 2025 (introduced text)",
    "publisher": "US Government Publishing Office",
    "date": "2025-05-08",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://idraseen.org/new-federal-bill-introduced-to-put-an-end-to-corporal-punishment-nationwide/",
    "title": "New federal bill introduced to put an end to corporal punishment nationwide",
    "publisher": "IDRA",
    "date": "2025-05-15",
    "primary": false
   },
   {
    "url": "https://bonamici.house.gov/media/press-releases/reps-bonamici-mcbath-moore-wilson-sen-murphy-lead-bill-end-corporal-punishment",
    "title": "Reps. Bonamici, McBath, Moore, Wilson, Sen. Murphy lead bill to end corporal punishment",
    "publisher": "Office of Rep. Suzanne Bonamici",
    "date": "2023-05-23",
    "primary": false
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-111hr5628ih/html/BILLS-111hr5628ih.htm",
    "title": "H.R. 5628, Ending Corporal Punishment in Schools Act (2010)",
    "publisher": "US Government Publishing Office",
    "date": "2010-06-29",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "federal",
   "law"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Prior versions, with cosponsor counts: H.R. 8460 (2020, McEachin, 8) and S. 4936 (2020, Murphy); H.R. 3836 (2021, 30) and S. 2029 (2021, 4); H.R. 3596 (2023, Bonamici, 49) and S. 1762 (2023, Murphy, 7). Earlier lineage: H.R. 5628 (2010, McCarthy, 24), H.R. 3027 (2011), H.R. 727 (2019, Hastings), H.R. 1234 (2021). The congress.gov API lists no related Senate bill for H.R. 3265 and none of Sen. Murphy's 119th-Congress bills concerns corporal punishment. The 2023 version listed more than 60 endorsing organizations including NEA, AFT, National PTA, NAACP, ACLU, APA. A Senate companion for 2025 was 'to be reintroduced' as of May 2025; check congress.gov before quoting a Senate number. Why they stall is analysis, not reporting: every version has been single-party, and the spending-clause design invites the local-control objection.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created; corrected the same day from 19 to 21 cosponsors and added the missing Senate companion."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-florida-hb1255-2025",
  "claim": "Since July 1, 2025, Florida districts that allow corporal punishment must obtain parental consent, either for the school year or before each instance, under HB 1255 (the statute says 'consent,' not 'written consent'; the second-adult and written-explanation rules predate it in § 1003.32), which passed both chambers unanimously on final votes and was signed May 30, 2025.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 2025,
  "as_of": "2025-07-01",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2025/1255",
    "title": "CS/CS/HB 1255 Education (2025)",
    "publisher": "Florida Senate",
    "date": "2025-05-30",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.wftv.com/news/local/corporal-punishment-law-passes-parental-consent-now-required/EZWGU7O7GVDMBM5TXZS6HO7CAE/",
    "title": "Corporal punishment law passes; parental consent now required",
    "publisher": "WFTV",
    "date": "2025-06",
    "primary": false
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.clickorlando.com/news/florida/2025/08/18/new-florida-law-allows-school-spankings-with-parent-consent/",
    "title": "New Florida law allows school spankings with parent consent",
    "publisher": "ClickOrlando",
    "date": "2025-08-18",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "state",
   "law",
   "florida"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "The consent provision came from a four-year effort by University of Florida students in the Florida Student Policy Forum, who first sought a ban for students with disabilities and settled for consent after pushback from conservative districts. Baseline: 17 Florida counties reported 516 instances in 2023-24 (Suwannee 74, Holmes 65, Calhoun 59, Columbia 50, Wakulla 45, Washington 43). Florida districts that still permit the practice are coded consent_required.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-idaho-hb281-2023",
  "claim": "Idaho banned corporal punishment and chemical restraint in public and charter schools on April 3, 2023 through House Bill 281, a restraint-and-seclusion bill carried by a Republican sponsor; it passed the House 45-22 and the Senate 21-12.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 2023,
  "as_of": "2023-04-03",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/sessioninfo/2023/legislation/H0281/",
    "title": "House Bill 281 (2023)",
    "publisher": "Idaho Legislature",
    "date": "2023-04-03",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2023/apr/07/corporal-punishment-restraint-and-seclusion-as-dis/",
    "title": "Corporal punishment, restraint and seclusion as discipline banned in Idaho schools",
    "publisher": "Idaho Statesman via Spokesman-Review",
    "date": "2023-04-07",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "state",
   "law",
   "idaho"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Floor sponsor Rep. Marco Erickson (R). The bill followed an Idaho Statesman investigation into restraint and seclusion injuries; corporal punishment was bundled in and barely contested. Private schools were removed by Senate amendment. Effective July 1, 2023. Case study: strategy/case-studies/idaho-2023.md.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-ingraham-v-wright-1977",
  "claim": "In Ingraham v. Wright (1977), a 5-4 Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment does not apply to corporal punishment in public schools and that due process does not require a hearing before paddling because state tort and criminal remedies suffice; it expressly left open whether excessive corporal punishment violates substantive due process.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": "430 U.S. 651",
  "as_of": "1977-04-19",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/430/651",
    "title": "Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651 (1977)",
    "publisher": "Legal Information Institute, Cornell",
    "date": "1977-04-19",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/430/651/",
    "title": "Ingraham v. Wright",
    "publisher": "Justia",
    "date": "1977",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "law",
   "federal",
   "courts"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Powell for the Court; White dissenting with Brennan, Marshall and Stevens. The Court did acknowledge a 'constitutionally protected liberty interest' in freedom from bodily punishment (at 674) and left the substantive due process question open (at 659 n.12), which is where fifty years of circuit litigation have run.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-new-mexico-hb172-2011",
  "claim": "New Mexico prohibited corporal punishment in schools through HB 172, signed by Republican Governor Susana Martinez on April 6, 2011 after passing the House 36-31 and the Senate 22-17.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 2011,
  "as_of": "2011-04-06",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.nmlegis.gov/Legislation/Legislation?chamber=H&legType=B&legNo=172&year=11",
    "title": "HB 172 (2011) No Corporal Punishment as School Discipline",
    "publisher": "New Mexico Legislature",
    "date": "2011-04-06",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/martinez-signs-corporal-punishment-ban-in-schools/article_eef2257d-110e-5ea2-916f-b9ab0a97e372.html",
    "title": "Martinez signs corporal punishment ban in schools",
    "publisher": "Santa Fe New Mexican",
    "date": "2011-04-06",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "state",
   "law",
   "new-mexico"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Sponsor Rep. Rick Miera (D). The old site cited 'SB 199'; no such bill exists for this purpose. Martinez framed her signature as parental rights: the decision 'is best left to a parent.' At the time only 36 of 89 districts still permitted the practice. Case study: strategy/case-studies/new-mexico-2011.md.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-oklahoma-sb364-2025",
  "claim": "Oklahoma's SB 364, prohibiting corporal punishment of students with disabilities, became law in May 2025 without Governor Kevin Stitt's signature after passing the Senate 31-16 and the House 63-25.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 2025,
  "as_of": "2025-05",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "http://www.oklegislature.gov/BillInfo.aspx?Bill=SB364&Session=2500",
    "title": "SB 364 (2025)",
    "publisher": "Oklahoma Legislature",
    "date": "2025-05",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "http://www.oklegislature.gov/BillInfo.aspx?Bill=HB1028&Session=2300",
    "title": "HB 1028 (2023)",
    "publisher": "Oklahoma Legislature",
    "date": "2023-04-11",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "state",
   "law",
   "oklahoma",
   "disability"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Earlier attempt: HB 1028 (Rep. John Talley, R) failed 45-43 on March 14, 2023, passed 84-8 on reconsideration six days later, and stalled in the Senate. Oklahoma's bills were carried by Republicans without an outside coalition. Reported quotes from opponents citing Proverbs could not be sourced and must not be published until they are.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-opt-in-consent-states",
  "claim": "Three states now require a parent's affirmative consent before a school may paddle a child: Missouri (written permission, 2022), Louisiana (annual written consent on a state form, 2023) and Florida (consent for the year or per instance, 2025); Kentucky reached the same rule by regulation in 2022 and every district then quit.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 3,
  "as_of": "2025-07-01",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=160.261",
    "title": "RSMo 160.261",
    "publisher": "Missouri Revisor of Statutes",
    "date": "2022-08-28",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.legis.la.gov/Legis/Law.aspx?d=81025",
    "title": "La. R.S. 17:416.1",
    "publisher": "Louisiana Legislature",
    "date": "2023-08-01",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2026/1002.20",
    "title": "Fla. Stat. § 1002.20",
    "publisher": "Florida Senate",
    "date": "2025-07-01",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/kar/titles/704/007/170/",
    "title": "704 KAR 7:170",
    "publisher": "Kentucky Legislative Research Commission",
    "date": "2022-08-30",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "law",
   "states",
   "consent"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Texas, North Carolina and Georgia (physician letter only) remain opt-out states, where the burden is on the parent to object. Missouri: RSMo 160.261, SBs 681 and 662, effective August 28, 2022. Louisiana: R.S. 17:416.1(B), Act 268 of 2023 (HB 242), effective August 1, 2023, House 74-21, Senate 37-1. Florida: § 1002.20(4)(c), ch. 2025-110, effective July 1, 2025, final votes unanimous. Opt-in is the parental-rights bill and passes where bans fail; it also produces a signed form that can be counted.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-private-school-bans-five-states",
  "claim": "Five states prohibit corporal punishment in private schools as well as public: New Jersey, Iowa, Maryland (HB 185, 2023), New York (Chapter 551, 2023) and Illinois (Public Act 103-0806, effective January 1, 2025).",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 5,
  "as_of": "2025-01-01",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://endcorporalpunishment.org/reports-on-every-state-and-territory/usa/",
    "title": "Country report: USA",
    "publisher": "Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children",
    "date": "2024-08",
    "primary": false
   },
   {
    "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Legislation/Details/hb0185?ys=2023RS",
    "title": "HB 185 (2023) Nonpublic Schools and Child Care Providers, Corporal Punishment, Prohibition",
    "publisher": "Maryland General Assembly",
    "date": "2023-05-16",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2023/S5261/amendment/A",
    "title": "S5261A (2023)",
    "publisher": "New York State Senate",
    "date": "2023-10-25",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/publicacts/fulltext.asp?Name=103-0806",
    "title": "Public Act 103-0806",
    "publisher": "Illinois General Assembly",
    "date": "2024-08-09",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "law",
   "states",
   "private-schools"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Maryland's ban works through the State Board's certificate of approval for nonpublic schools and exempts schools operated by a bona fide church organization. Colorado's 2023 statute is public-only despite a Global Initiative note suggesting otherwise. Dates for New Jersey (1867) and Iowa (1989) are reported from press, not verified on a statute page.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-south-carolina-statute",
  "claim": "South Carolina's only statute on the subject, § 59-63-260, unchanged since 1973, says the governing body of each school district 'may provide corporal punishment for any pupil that it deems just and proper,' with no limits, and no bill to change it was filed in the 2023-24 or 2025-26 sessions.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2026-09-09",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t59c063.php",
    "title": "S.C. Code Title 59, Chapter 63",
    "publisher": "South Carolina Legislature",
    "date": "2026",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://ed.sc.gov/how-do-i/public-schools/what-is-the-department-of-education-s-policy-regarding-corporal-punishment/",
    "title": "What is the Department of Education's policy regarding corporal punishment?",
    "publisher": "South Carolina Department of Education",
    "date": "2026",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "law",
   "south-carolina"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Federal data show 85 students struck in 2021-22 and 23 in 2017-18, so use is small but not zero. Whether every district has prohibited it by policy is unverified; a September 2025 Island Packet explainer likely has a current tally and should be read by a person (the site blocks agents).\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-states-permitting-count",
  "claim": "As of September 2026, corporal punishment in public schools is legal by statute in 17 states; in two of them, Kentucky and North Carolina, every district has prohibited it by policy, leaving 15 where it is both legal and in use.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 17,
  "as_of": "2026-09-09",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.npr.org/2026/08/19/nx-s1-5803505/school-corporal-punishment-policy-tracker",
    "title": "15 states have laws that allow corporal punishment in schools",
    "publisher": "NPR",
    "date": "2026-08-19",
    "primary": false
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.ed.gov/laws-and-policy/key-policy-letters/letter-secretary-cardona-calling-end-corporal-punishment-schools",
    "title": "Letter from Secretary Cardona calling for an end to corporal punishment in schools",
    "publisher": "US Department of Education",
    "date": "2023-03-24",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://endcorporalpunishment.org/reports-on-every-state-and-territory/usa/",
    "title": "Country report: USA",
    "publisher": "Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children",
    "date": "2024-08",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "law",
   "states"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Counts differ by source because states with no statute either way (Connecticut, Indiana, Kansas, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Maine) are classified differently: Cardona 2023 counted 23 (16 expressly allow, 7 do not prohibit); Bellwether 2024 said 17; APSAC 2025 said 18; NPR's August 2026 tracker said 15 allow and 30 plus DC ban. This project's list (data/states/) is: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Wyoming. No state enacted a full public-school ban in 2024, 2025, or 2026 (searched 2026-09-09); the most recent are Colorado and Idaho (2023).\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-texas-hb772-2023",
  "claim": "Texas HB 772, which would have banned corporal punishment in public schools, failed on second reading in the House on April 26, 2023 by a reported 58-86; its sponsor, Rep. Alma Allen, has filed the bill every session for 18 years.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": "58-86",
  "as_of": "2023-04-26",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=88R&Bill=HB772",
    "title": "HB 772 (88R) history",
    "publisher": "Texas Legislature Online",
    "date": "2023-04-26",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.texastribune.org/2023/04/26/texas-house-corporal-punishment-public-schools/",
    "title": "Proposed ban on corporal punishment in Texas schools fails again",
    "publisher": "Texas Tribune",
    "date": "2023-04-26",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "state",
   "law",
   "texas"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Opponents on the floor: Rep. Steve Toth, 'Kids do need to fear leadership,' and Rep. Matt Schaefer, who urged members to 'follow the design that God has for disciplining children.' The 2025 (89R) filing was not checked; see the bill-watch task.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "law-wyoming-immunity-repeal-attempts",
  "claim": "Wyoming's statute does not authorize corporal punishment outright; it grants school staff civil and criminal immunity for 'reasonable corporal discipline' authorized by board policy, and bills to repeal that immunity failed in the House in 2023 (12-47) and failed introduction in 2026 (38-24, short of two-thirds).",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": "12-47",
  "as_of": "2026-02-09",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/statutes/compress/title21.pdf",
    "title": "Wyoming Statutes Title 21 (§ 21-4-308)",
    "publisher": "Wyoming Legislature",
    "date": "2026",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/Legislation/2023/SF0047",
    "title": "SF0047 (2023) Education, repeal of immunity for corporal discipline",
    "publisher": "Wyoming Legislature",
    "date": "2023-02-14",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/Legislation/2026/HB0065",
    "title": "HB0065 (2026) K-12 public school discipline",
    "publisher": "Wyoming Legislature",
    "date": "2026-02-09",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.wyomingpublicmedia.org/education/2022-10-04/a-sheridan-county-school-principal-is-seeking-to-end-corporal-punishment-in-wyomings-public-schools",
    "title": "A Sheridan County school principal is seeking to end corporal punishment in Wyoming's public schools",
    "publisher": "Wyoming Public Media",
    "date": "2022-10-04",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "law",
   "wyoming"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "W.S. § 21-4-308(b). By 2022-23, press reported only one to three of Wyoming's 48 districts still had corporal punishment in policy (Niobrara County School District #1 named), and the state had reported no incidents to the federal government since 2012; the 2022 and 2023 district counts conflict. Laramie County SD 1 reaffirmed its prohibition in October 2025. The advocate was a middle-school principal, Jeff Jones, whose dissertation reviewed all 48 policies.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "litigation-overton-isd-2023-dismissal",
  "claim": "In October 2023 a Texas judge dismissed the assault charge against an Overton ISD principal who had paddled a student hard enough to leave bruising a child-abuse physician called consistent with abuse, because district policy was followed and the mother was present and consenting.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2023-10-25",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.kltv.com/2023/10/25/rusk-county-judge-dismisses-assault-charge-against-overton-principal/",
    "title": "Rusk County judge dismisses assault charge against Overton principal",
    "publisher": "KLTV",
    "date": "2023-10-25",
    "primary": false
   },
   {
    "url": "https://tbinewsroom.com/2023/11/08/teacher-assistant-principal-charged-following-investigation-into-paddling-incident/",
    "title": "Teacher, assistant principal charged following investigation into paddling incident",
    "publisher": "Tennessee Bureau of Investigation",
    "date": "2023-11-08",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "litigation",
   "texas"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "The clearest recent illustration that in a paddling state the law protects the paddler, not the child, when policy is followed. Other 2022-26 matters: Jackson County, Tennessee, teacher and assistant principal indicted November 2023 after two paddlings injured a student (outcome not found); East Jasper, Mississippi, third-grader's arm fractured February 2025 (no action found); no published civil settlement for school paddling was found in the period.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "ok-appleseed-2023-district-count",
  "claim": "A 2023 report by the Oklahoma Appleseed Center for Law and Justice counted 137 of Oklahoma's 512 school districts as permitting corporal punishment, as reported by NPR in August 2026; this project's own read of district documents in October 2026 finds more districts permitting it (see the Oklahoma record), which it attributes to reading every district's handbook and policy rather than a survey.",
  "status": "reported",
  "figure": 137,
  "as_of": "2023 (reported by NPR 2026-08-19)",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.npr.org/2026/08/19/",
    "title": "15 states have laws that allow corporal punishment in schools. Here's where, and why",
    "publisher": "NPR",
    "date": "2026-08-19",
    "primary": false
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.okappleseed.org/",
    "title": "Oklahoma Appleseed Center for Law and Justice, 2023 report on corporal punishment (cited by NPR)",
    "publisher": "Oklahoma Appleseed",
    "date": "2023",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "oklahoma",
   "counts",
   "secondary"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-10-12",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (noted from NPR, 2026-10-12; Appleseed report itself not yet opened)",
  "body": "NPR's August 2026 piece gives the Appleseed count. Our record for Oklahoma (October 2026) shows a larger number permitting, because it reads every district's own handbook or board policy rather than surveying; the two figures are not contradictory, they measure differently. Quote Appleseed as \"according to a 2023 report\" until the report itself is on file.\n\n## History\n- 2026-10-12: created from the NPR article Anthony pointed to."
 },
 {
  "id": "old-site-128-countries",
  "claim": "Corporal punishment in schools has been banned in 128 countries.",
  "status": "retired",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2026-02",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://earthpilot.org/kids/resources#facts",
    "title": "Resources: Facts and talking points (earthpilot.org/kids, pre-2026-09-09 text)",
    "publisher": "EarthPilot",
    "date": "2026-02",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "retired",
   "old-site"
  ],
  "superseded_by": "intl-schools-prohibited-137-of-199",
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Retired 2026-09-09. The Global Initiative's March 2025 table counts 137 of 199 states and territories.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "old-site-70000-students-2022",
  "claim": "About 70,000 students were physically punished in US schools in 2022.",
  "status": "retired",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2026-02",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://earthpilot.org/kids/resources#facts",
    "title": "Resources: Facts and talking points (earthpilot.org/kids, pre-2026-09-09 text)",
    "publisher": "EarthPilot",
    "date": "2026-02",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "retired",
   "old-site"
  ],
  "superseded_by": "crdc-national-total-2021-22",
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Retired 2026-09-09. The 69,492 figure is 2017-18; the 2021-22 figure is 24,534. Replaced by the year-stamped CRDC claims.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "old-site-black-students-4x",
  "claim": "Black students are four times more likely to receive corporal punishment than white students.",
  "status": "retired",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2026-02",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://earthpilot.org/kids/resources#facts",
    "title": "Resources: Facts and talking points (earthpilot.org/kids, pre-2026-09-09 text)",
    "publisher": "EarthPilot",
    "date": "2026-02",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "retired",
   "old-site"
  ],
  "superseded_by": "crdc-black-students-share-2021-22",
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Retired 2026-09-09. No national figure supports 4x for Black students overall; OCR's 2017-18 ratio was 2.3x, and the 4x in the Cardona letter is Black girls versus white girls. Replaced by the year-stamped share claim.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "old-site-disability-2x",
  "claim": "Students with disabilities are punished at twice the rate of their peers.",
  "status": "retired",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2026-02",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://earthpilot.org/kids/resources#facts",
    "title": "Resources: Facts and talking points (earthpilot.org/kids, pre-2026-09-09 text)",
    "publisher": "EarthPilot",
    "date": "2026-02",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "retired",
   "old-site"
  ],
  "superseded_by": "crdc-disability-share",
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Retired 2026-09-09. Not supported nationally in any recent CRDC year (16.5 percent of students struck versus 13.2 percent of enrollment in 2017-18; under-represented by 2021-22). District-level disparities exist and belong in district testimony.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "old-site-lower-act-scores",
  "claim": "States that allow corporal punishment have lower ACT scores on average.",
  "status": "retired",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2026-02",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://earthpilot.org/kids/resources#facts",
    "title": "Resources: Facts and talking points (earthpilot.org/kids, pre-2026-09-09 text)",
    "publisher": "EarthPilot",
    "date": "2026-02",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "retired",
   "old-site"
  ],
  "superseded_by": "crdc-national-total-2021-22",
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Retired 2026-09-09 pending the evidence review; no source was located for this claim. Do not publish until a study is found and verified.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "old-site-two-developed-nations",
  "claim": "The United States is one of only two developed nations that still allows corporal punishment in schools; the other is Singapore.",
  "status": "retired",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2026-02",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://earthpilot.org/kids/resources#facts",
    "title": "Resources: Facts and talking points (earthpilot.org/kids, pre-2026-09-09 text)",
    "publisher": "EarthPilot",
    "date": "2026-02",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "retired",
   "old-site"
  ],
  "superseded_by": "intl-oecd-36-of-38",
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Retired 2026-09-09. Fails on any definition: Singapore is not an OECD member, and Australia (Queensland) is the other OECD exception. Replaced by the OECD 36-of-38 formulation.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "org-aacap-2012",
  "claim": "The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry's 2012 policy statement does not support corporal punishment as a method of behavior modification and urges its members to advise school boards accordingly.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2012-07-30",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Policy_Statements/2012/Policy_Statement_on_Corporal_Punishment.aspx",
    "title": "Policy Statement on Corporal Punishment",
    "publisher": "American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry",
    "date": "2012-07-30",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "organizations"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "org-aap-2018-effective-discipline",
  "claim": "The American Academy of Pediatrics' 2018 policy statement on discipline concludes that aversive strategies including all forms of corporal punishment are minimally effective in the short term and not effective in the long term.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2018-11",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-3112",
    "title": "Effective discipline to raise healthy children",
    "publisher": "Pediatrics",
    "date": "2018-11",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "organizations"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Sege and Siegel, Pediatrics 142(6):e20183112. The parental-discipline statement; the school statement is org-aap-2023-school-statement.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "org-aap-2023-school-statement",
  "claim": "In August 2023 the American Academy of Pediatrics published a policy statement recommending that corporal punishment in all school settings be abolished in all states by law and replaced by alternative forms of behavior management.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2023-08-21",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-063284",
    "title": "Corporal punishment in schools (policy statement)",
    "publisher": "Pediatrics 152(3), e2023063284",
    "date": "2023-08-21",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://news.cuanschutz.edu/accords/policy-statement-calls-for-end-of-corporal-punishment-in-schools",
    "title": "Policy statement calls for end of corporal punishment in schools",
    "publisher": "University of Colorado Anschutz",
    "date": "2023-11-09",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "organizations"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Allison, Beers, Peterson and the AAP Council on School Health. Published online August 21, 2023 (September 2023 issue); the CU Anschutz release announcing it is dated November 2023, which is why the date is often misreported. Successor to the 2018 parental-discipline statement (org-aap-2018-effective-discipline).\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created; date corrected from November to August 2023 the same day."
 },
 {
  "id": "org-aft-1976-no-opposition",
  "claim": "The American Federation of Teachers has no resolution opposing school corporal punishment; its only resolution on the subject (1976) intervened in Ingraham v. Wright to protect 'a teacher's right to maintain discipline in the classroom,' though the AFT endorsed the federal Protecting Our Students in Schools Act in 2023.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "1976",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.aft.org/resolution/corporal-punishment",
    "title": "Resolution: Corporal Punishment (1976)",
    "publisher": "American Federation of Teachers",
    "date": "1976",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://bonamici.house.gov/media/press-releases/reps-bonamici-mcbath-moore-wilson-sen-murphy-lead-bill-end-corporal-punishment",
    "title": "POSSA 2023 press release listing endorsing organizations",
    "publisher": "Office of Rep. Suzanne Bonamici",
    "date": "2023-05-23",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "organizations",
   "correction"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Do not list the AFT among organizations that oppose the practice on the strength of a resolution. The 2023 POSSA endorsement (see law-federal-possa-2025, Bonamici press release) is the citable AFT position. The NEA is commonly reported as opposing corporal punishment in its annual resolutions, but the resolution text could not be retrieved; confirm the resolution number from the current NEA Handbook before citing. The American Bar Association's 1985 resolution could not be located either.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "org-apa-2019-parental-resolution",
  "claim": "The American Psychological Association adopted a resolution in February 2019 opposing physical discipline of children by parents, citing the 2016 meta-analysis; it does not address school corporal punishment directly.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2019-02",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.apa.org/about/policy/resolution-physical-discipline.pdf",
    "title": "Resolution on Physical Discipline of Children by Parents",
    "publisher": "American Psychological Association",
    "date": "2019-02",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "organizations"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Scope matters: quote APA on physical punishment generally, not as a school-specific position. APA endorsed the federal Protecting Our Students in Schools Act in 2023 (law-federal-possa-2025), which is the school-specific citation.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "org-nasp-position",
  "claim": "The National Association of School Psychologists 'strongly opposes the use of corporal punishment in schools and supports ending its use in all schools' (position statement, revised 2021).",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2021",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.nasponline.org/x26815.xml",
    "title": "Position Statement: Corporal Punishment",
    "publisher": "National Association of School Psychologists",
    "date": "2021",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "organizations"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "org-national-pta",
  "claim": "National PTA's position statement says it will support efforts to abolish corporal punishment and to develop alternative discipline programs.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "1989 (reported)",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://www.pta.org/home/advocacy/ptas-positions/Individual-Position-Statements/Position-Statement-Recommendation-on-Corporal-Punishment",
    "title": "Position Statement: Recommendation on Corporal Punishment",
    "publisher": "National PTA",
    "date": "n.d.",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "organizations"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Text verified on the PTA site; the adoption year (commonly 1989) is not shown on the page and is reported only.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "org-nwlc-open-letter-2016",
  "claim": "In November 2016 more than 100 organizations, including the ACLU, APA, AFT, NEA, AAP, NAACP, SPLC and the Children's Defense Fund, signed an open letter organized by the National Women's Law Center calling for an end to corporal punishment in schools.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 100,
  "as_of": "2016-11-21",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://nwlc.org/resource/open-letter-calling-for-end-to-corporal-punishment-in-schools/",
    "title": "Open letter calling for an end to corporal punishment in schools",
    "publisher": "National Women's Law Center",
    "date": "2016-11-21",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "organizations"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Useful as the one-line proof that every major medical, psychological, educator and civil-rights body is on record. The letter cited 109,000 students receiving corporal punishment in 2013-14 and the disparity for Black girls.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "persuasion-constituent-lobbying-bergan-2009",
  "claim": "In a field experiment, a modest number of personalized constituent emails measurably changed state legislators' votes on a bill (Bergan 2009).",
  "status": "reported",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2009",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X08326967",
    "title": "Does Grassroots Lobbying Work? A Field Experiment Measuring the Effects of an e-Mail Lobbying Campaign on Legislative Behavior",
    "publisher": "American Politics Research",
    "date": "2009",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "persuasion"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Bergan, 'Does Grassroots Lobbying Work? A Field Experiment Measuring the Effects of an e-Mail Lobbying Campaign on Legislative Behavior', American Politics Research 37(2):327-352, 2009 (New Hampshire). Cited from memory; verify the effect size before quoting a number.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "persuasion-deep-canvassing-broockman-kalla",
  "claim": "A ten-minute non-judgmental conversation exchanging personal stories durably reduced prejudice in a randomized field experiment (Broockman and Kalla 2016), while most brief campaign contact has near-zero persuasive effect (Kalla and Broockman 2018).",
  "status": "reported",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2016-2018",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad9713",
    "title": "Durably reducing transphobia: A field experiment on door-to-door canvassing",
    "publisher": "Science",
    "date": "2016",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055417000363",
    "title": "The Minimal Persuasive Effects of Campaign Contact in General Elections: Evidence from 49 Field Experiments",
    "publisher": "American Political Science Review",
    "date": "2018",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "persuasion"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Broockman and Kalla, Science 352(6282):220-224, 2016; Kalla and Broockman, 'The Minimal Persuasive Effects of Campaign Contact in General Elections', American Political Science Review 112(1):148-166, 2018. Cited from memory; verify.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "persuasion-moral-reframing-feinberg-willer",
  "claim": "Political arguments framed in the moral values of the audience persuade more than arguments framed in the speaker's own values, which often backfire (Feinberg and Willer 2015; 2019 review).",
  "status": "reported",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2015",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215607842",
    "title": "From Gulf to Bridge: When Do Moral Arguments Facilitate Political Influence?",
    "publisher": "Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin",
    "date": "2015",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12501",
    "title": "Moral reframing: A technique for effective and persuasive communication across political divides",
    "publisher": "Social and Personality Psychology Compass",
    "date": "2019",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "persuasion"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Feinberg and Willer, 'From Gulf to Bridge: When Do Moral Arguments Facilitate Political Influence?', Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 41(12), 2015; and 'Moral reframing: A technique for effective and persuasive communication across political divides', Social and Personality Psychology Compass 13(12), 2019. Cited from memory in the persuasion playbook; the verify-claim task should open the DOIs and upgrade or correct.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "persuasion-personal-experience-kubin-2021",
  "claim": "Across 15 studies, personal experiences were seen as more credible and persuasive than facts in moral and political disagreements (Kubin, Puryear, Schein and Gray 2021).",
  "status": "reported",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2021",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008389118",
    "title": "Personal experiences bridge moral and political divides better than facts",
    "publisher": "PNAS",
    "date": "2021",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "persuasion"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Kubin et al., 'Personal experiences bridge moral and political divides better than facts', PNAS 118(6):e2008389118, 2021. Cited from memory; verify.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "study-cuartas-2021-neural",
  "claim": "In a 2021 fMRI study of 147 children, those who had been spanked showed greater prefrontal activation to fearful faces, a pattern the authors compared to more severe maltreatment.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 147,
  "as_of": "2021",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13565",
    "title": "Corporal punishment and elevated neural response to threat in children",
    "publisher": "Child Development",
    "date": "2021",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "study",
   "harm"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Cuartas, Weissman, Sheridan, Lengua and McLaughlin, Child Development 92(3). Cross-sectional, modest sample, parental spanking, no school sample. Use cautiously and never as 'brain damage'.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "study-elgar-2018-bans-and-fighting",
  "claim": "Across 88 countries and 403,604 adolescents, countries with full bans on corporal punishment had lower rates of frequent physical fighting (69 percent of the no-ban rate for boys, 42 percent for girls), and countries with school-only bans had less fighting among girls.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 88,
  "as_of": "2018",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021616",
    "title": "Corporal punishment bans and physical fighting in adolescents: an ecological study of 88 countries",
    "publisher": "BMJ Open",
    "date": "2018",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "study",
   "bans"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Elgar et al., BMJ Open 8(9):e021616. Ecological; the authors say causality is unclear. It is the best available evidence that bans are not followed by more violence.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "study-font-cage-2018",
  "claim": "In a three-year study of 658 children, only physical abuse predicted declines in cognitive performance, but every form of physical punishment, including mild corporal punishment, predicted declines in school engagement.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2018",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.008",
    "title": "Dimensions of physical punishment and their associations with children's cognitive performance and school adjustment",
    "publisher": "Child Abuse and Neglect",
    "date": "2018",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "study",
   "harm"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Font and Cage, Child Abuse and Neglect 75:29-40. Honest-limits citation: do not claim that mild corporal punishment measurably lowers test scores on this study; claim disengagement.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "study-gershoff-grogan-kaylor-2016",
  "claim": "A 2016 meta-analysis of 75 studies covering 160,927 children found spanking significantly associated with 13 of 17 outcomes examined, every one in the direction of harm and none in the direction of benefit, including aggression (d = .37), mental health problems (d = .53) and later victimization by physical abuse (d = .64).",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": "13 of 17",
  "as_of": "2016",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000191",
    "title": "Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses",
    "publisher": "Journal of Family Psychology",
    "date": "2016",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7992110/",
    "title": "PMC full text",
    "publisher": "PubMed Central",
    "date": "2016",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "study",
   "harm"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Gershoff and Grogan-Kaylor, Journal of Family Psychology 30(4). Parental spanking, correlational studies; use for 'physical punishment in general' and pair with the school-specific meta-analysis (study-visser-2022). Immediate defiance (d = .14) was not significant, which is the honest reply to 'it works right now': it does not even reliably do that.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "study-gershoff-sattler-holden-2019",
  "claim": "In a propensity-matched survey of more than 800 young adults from the 19 states where school corporal punishment was legal, those who had received it in school had lower high-school GPAs, more depressive symptoms, and greater intention to spank their own children.",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": null,
  "as_of": "2019",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.05.004",
    "title": "School corporal punishment and its associations with achievement and adjustment",
    "publisher": "Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology",
    "date": "2019",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "study",
   "harm",
   "school"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Gershoff, Sattler and Holden, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 63:1-8 (not Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, as sometimes cited). 16 percent of respondents reported school corporal punishment.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "study-sam-2003-injury-estimate",
  "claim": "The Society for Adolescent Medicine estimated in 2003 that 10,000 to 20,000 students a year required medical attention as a result of school corporal punishment.",
  "status": "reported",
  "figure": 10000,
  "as_of": "2003",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00042-9",
    "title": "Corporal punishment in schools: Position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine",
    "publisher": "Journal of Adolescent Health",
    "date": "2003",
    "primary": true
   },
   {
    "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5560991/",
    "title": "Gershoff 2017 (quoting the estimate)",
    "publisher": "PubMed Central",
    "date": "2017",
    "primary": false
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "study",
   "injury"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Greydanus et al., Journal of Adolescent Health 32(5):385-393. The figure is verified only as quoted in Gershoff 2017; the position paper is paywalled. It is a two-decade-old estimate when use was three to nine times today's, not a measured count; there is no federal injury surveillance. Quote it with the year or not at all.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 },
 {
  "id": "study-visser-2022-school-meta-analysis",
  "claim": "A 2022 meta-analysis specific to school corporal punishment found it associated with more externalizing behavior (r = .27, 21 studies, 67,400 children), more internalizing problems (r = .16) and lower school performance (r = −.11, 20 studies, 977,367 children).",
  "status": "verified",
  "figure": 0.27,
  "as_of": "2022",
  "sources": [
   {
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/children9030383",
    "title": "The association between school corporal punishment and child developmental outcomes: A meta-analytic review",
    "publisher": "Children",
    "date": "2022",
    "primary": true
   }
  ],
  "tags": [
   "study",
   "harm",
   "school"
  ],
  "last_verified": "2026-09-09",
  "verified_by": "agent:claude (research pass 2026-09-09)",
  "body": "Visser, van der Put and Assink, Children 9(3):383. The single best citation for 'school corporal punishment is linked to worse behavior and lower achievement.' Correlational; three-level meta-analysis.\n\n## History\n- 2026-09-09: created."
 }
]